Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma, Ria Benko, Muh. Akbar Bahar, Dian Ayu Eka Pitaloka, Soeharto Soeharto, Doni Anshar Nuari, Rani Prabandari, Dezső Csupor, Mária Matuz
Appropriate perceptions and attitudes of pharmacists toward antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are essential. However, AMR attitudes and perceptions have not been assessed in Indonesia. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate pharmacy students’ Perceptions and Attitudes toward Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Stewardship (PATARAS) and investigate the relationship between students’ perceptions and attitudes toward antibiotic resistance and stewardship. Using purposive sampling, 500 undergraduate pharmacy students were included in the study. The 20-item PATARAS questionnaire with 5-point Likert scales was developed. The PATARAS includes perception (rational drug use (RDU) and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS)) and attitude (professional role (PRO) and inappropriate practice (IPP)) domains. The validity (convergent and discriminant) of the PATARAS was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA model fit was assessed using various goodness-of-fit indices. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α) and McDonald’s Omega (ω) values. The relationship between subdomains was evaluated using structural equation modeling (SEM). The PATARAS questionnaire achieved acceptable convergent and discriminant validity. The CFA model achieved a good fit. The reliability was good with α and ω values of 0.817 and 0.845, respectively. The SEM showed that RDU and AMS were positively correlated with PRO (β = 0.121 and 0.539, respectively, p < 0.05); RDU and IPP were also positively correlated (β = 0.313, p < 0.05), while AMS and IPP were negatively correlated (β = − 0.275, p < 0.05). The PATARAS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing undergraduate pharmacy students’ perceptions and attitudes toward AMR and AMS. © The Author(s) 2025.
Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6725, Hungary; Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto, 53182, Indonesia; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Szeged, 6725, Hungary; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia; Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia; Doctoral School of Educational Sciences, Faculty Humanities and Social Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6722, Hungary; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Garut, Garut, 44151, Indonesia; Research Center of Educational Technologies, Azerbaijan State University of Economics, Baku, Azerbaijan; Research Center for Education, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
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