Desy Nawangsari, Tatiana Siregar, Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma
Introduction: Dental caries in children remains a significant public health concern, primarily caused by plaque-forming bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Effective antimicrobial alternatives from natural sources are increasingly explored to address this issue. Methods: This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of Piper betel L. (PB) leaf extract against Streptococcus mutans using the agar diffusion method. PB extract was obtained via ethanol maceration and formulated into lozenges with varying binder types and concentrations. The formulations were assessed for inhibition zone diameter and key physical parameters such as tablet uniformity, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. Results: Piper betel L. extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity, with the 7.5% concentration yielding an inhibition zone of 22.76 mm, comparable to that of 10%. Lozenges containing 7.5% PB extract exhibited acceptable physicochemical properties across all formulations, with disintegration times under 9 minutes, friability below 0.1%, and tablet hardness ranging from 48.67 to 77.09 N. Conclusions: Piper betel L. leaf extract formulated as lozenges demonstrates significant antimicrobial potential for preventing dental caries, supported by effective inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and acceptable pharmaceutical properties. © 2025 Elsevier GmbH
Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto, Indonesia; Faculty of Health, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
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