Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma, Hiba F. Muddather, Arie Arizandi Kurnianto, Muh Akbar Bahar, Khamdiyah Indah Kurniasih, Kevin Efrain Tololiu, Zsuzsanna Schelz, István Zupkó, Maria Matuz, Ria Benko
Introduction: Telepharmacy can improve the delivery of pharmaceutical care services to patients. However, there are limited data regarding the knowledge, perceptions, and readiness (KPR) for telepharmacy in Indonesia. In this cross-sectional survey study, we assessed KPR and associated factors among Indonesian pharmacists, aiming to implement telepharmacy services in the future. Methods: Eligible participants were recruited from all provinces of Indonesia through a 24-item instrument. KPR scores were classified as low, moderate, and high. Sociodemographic characteristics and KPR of participants were summarized using descriptive statistics. Bivariate/multivariate ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent determinants of KPR. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for each determinant. Results: A total of 6,059 pharmacists provided responses. Overall, 58.28% had a high knowledge score, and 63.51% expressed moderate perceptions toward telepharmacy services. Moreover, 70.21% showed a moderate level of readiness. Gender (male; AOR: 1.21 [95% CI: 1.06–1.39]), stable internet access (AOR: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.64–0.86]), and central region (AOR: 1.13 [95% CI: 0.99–1.29]) were significantly associated with perception toward telepharmacy. Readiness was significantly associated with age (17–25 years; AOR: 0.73 [95% CI: (0.60–0.89]), gender (male; AOR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.72–0.95]), stable internet access (AOR: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.64–0.89]), education level (master/doctoral; AOR: 1.33 [95% CI: 1.06–1.67]), and central region (AOR: 1.29 [95% CI: 1.12–1.49]). Interestingly, knowledge levels were not significantly correlated with specific factors. Conclusions: Participants demonstrated high knowledge, without significant influencing factors. However, they showed moderate perceptions and readiness levels, influenced by sociodemographic factors, including gender, age, education level, internet access, and regional disparities. Therefore, targeted interventions (e.g., telepharmacy training and regional outreach) are imperative to enhancing perceptions and readiness, fostering the effective integration of telepharmacy services, and advancing pharmaceutical care in Indonesia. © MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.
Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6725, Hungary; Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto, 53182, Indonesia; Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia; Doctoral School of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7624, Hungary; Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Central Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6725, Hungary; Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, Emergency Department, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6725, Hungary
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